Shruti — what was heard
Revealed, unauthored, preserved by recitation
The four Vedas
Each Veda carries four layers: Samhita, Brahmana, Aranyaka, Upanishad
Traditionally taught: Veda pathshalas, teaching shakha by shakha
Upanishads
The end of the Veda — its philosophy rather than its ritual
Traditionally taught: Sanskrit universities, Vedanta mathas
Vedangas — the six limbs
What you must know to use the Veda correctly
Shiksha
Phonetics and correct pronunciation — svara and sandhi
Traditionally taught: Veda pathshalas, alongside recitation
Kalpa
Ritual procedure: Shrauta, Grihya, Dharma and Shulba sutras
Traditionally taught: Karmakanda schools and purohit training
Vyakarana
Grammar — Panini's Ashtadhyayi and its commentaries
Traditionally taught: Sanskrit universities and traditional tols
Nirukta
Etymology — Yaska, for the meaning of Vedic words
Traditionally taught: Sanskrit universities
Chandas
Metre — the shape a verse must take
Traditionally taught: Sanskrit universities
Jyotisha
Reckoning of time; the calendar and the sky
Traditionally taught: Jyotish parishads and traditional lineages
Upavedas — the applied knowledge
Attached to the Vedas, turned outward
Ayurveda
Medicine, attached to the Atharvaveda
Traditionally taught: Ayurvedic colleges under statutory councils
Dhanurveda
Arms and warfare
Traditionally taught: Largely a living tradition rather than a taught one
Gandharvaveda
Music and performance
Traditionally taught: Music gharanas and universities
Sthapatyaveda
Architecture and sculpture — shilpa shastra
Traditionally taught: Sthapati lineages and a few institutes
Darshanas — the six systems
Six ways of arguing the same question
Nyaya
Logic and the means of valid knowledge
Traditionally taught: Sanskrit universities and mathas
Vaisheshika
Categories, atomism, the constituents of things
Traditionally taught: Sanskrit universities
Samkhya
Purusha and prakriti; enumeration of principles
Traditionally taught: Sanskrit universities
Yoga
Patanjali's sutras and the practice they describe
Traditionally taught: Yoga institutes and Sanskrit universities
Purva Mimamsa
The interpretation of ritual injunction
Traditionally taught: Mimamsa schools, now few
Vedanta
Advaita, Vishishtadvaita, Dvaita and the rest
Traditionally taught: Mathas of each sampradaya
Itihasa — what happened
History told so that it teaches
Ramayana
Valmiki; and Ramcharitmanas, Kamba Ramayanam and others
Traditionally taught: Kathavachak tradition, temples, schools
Mahabharata
Including the Bhagavad Gita and Shanti Parva
Traditionally taught: Kathavachak tradition, mathas, universities
Puranas
Cosmology, lineage and devotion, told for everyone
The eighteen Mahapuranas
Bhagavata, Vishnu, Shiva, Markandeya, Garuda and the rest
Traditionally taught: Katha tradition and temple discourse
The Upapuranas
A wider body, regionally important
Traditionally taught: Regional traditions
Agama and Tantra
How a temple is built, consecrated and worshipped
Shaiva agamas
28 agamas; the basis of most South Indian Shiva temples
Traditionally taught: Agama pathshalas, Shaiva mathas
Pancharatra and Vaikhanasa
The two Vaishnava temple traditions
Traditionally taught: Vaishnava sampradaya schools
Shakta tantra
Devi worship and its texts
Traditionally taught: Shakta lineages
Dharma and conduct
What a person owes, and to whom
Dharmashastra
Manu, Yajnavalkya, Narada and their commentaries
Traditionally taught: Sanskrit universities; read historically
Niti literature
Vidura Niti, Chanakya Niti, Subhashita
Traditionally taught: Schools and general reading
Bhakti and sant literature
The tradition in the languages people speak
North and west
Tulsidas, Surdas, Kabir, Mirabai, Tukaram, Namdev
Traditionally taught: Regional traditions and temples
South
Alvars' Divya Prabandham, Nayanars' Tevaram and Tiruvasagam
Traditionally taught: Temple traditions, Tamil scholarship
East and north-east
Chaitanya tradition, Sankardeva's works
Traditionally taught: Mathas and satras
Stotra and prayoga
What is actually recited, daily
Stotra literature
Chalisa, sahasranama, ashtakam, suktam
Traditionally taught: Every temple and household
Paddhati and prayoga
The working manuals a purohit uses
Traditionally taught: Purohit training, guru to student